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Ingrian language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with the Ingrian dialects.

Ingrian
ižoran keeli
Native toRussia
RegionIngria
Ethnicity1,143 Izhorians
Native speakers
76 (2020 census)[1]
< 20 (2018, estimated)[2]
111 (2006, verified)[3]
Uralic
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3izh
Glottologingr1248
ELPIngrian
Distribution of Ingrian and Votic at the beginning of the 20th century[4][5]
Ingrian is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Ingrian and Votic villages at the beginning of the 21st century[4][5]

Ingrian (inkeroin keeli Soikkola [ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi]), also called Izhorian (ižoran keeli Soikkola [ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi] Ala-Laukaa [ˈiʒo̞rəŋ ˈkeːlʲ]), is a Finnic language spoken by the (mainly Orthodox) Izhorians of Ingria. It has approximately 70 native speakers left, most of whom are elderly.[1][2][3]

The Ingrian language should be distinguished from the Ingrian dialect of the Finnish language, which became the majority language of Ingria in the 17th century with the influx of Lutheran Finnish immigrants; their descendants, the Ingrian Finns, are often referred to as Ingrians. The immigration of Lutheran Finns was promoted by Swedish authorities, who gained the area in 1617 from Russia, as the local population was (and remained) Orthodox.

Dialects[edit]

Four dialects groups of Ingrian have been attested, two of which are probably extinct by now:[6][3]

A fifth dialect may have once been spoken on the Karelian Isthmus in northernmost Ingria, and may have been a substrate of local dialects of southeastern Finnish.[6]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

Ingrian is classified, together with Finnish, Karelian (including Livvi), Ludic and Veps, in the Northern Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.

The exact origin of Izhorians, and by extension the Ingrian language, is not fully clear.[7] Most scholars agree that Ingrian is most closely related to the Karelian language and the Eastern dialects of Finnish, although the exact nature of this relationship is unclear:

A popular opinion holds that the split of the Karelian and Ingrian languages can be traced back to around the 8th-12th centuries A.D., with the Ingrian language originating from a Pre-Karelian group travelling westward along the Neva river.[8][9]

Early Soviet period[edit]

In the late 1920s, Ingrian-speaking selsovets started to form across the Ingrian-speaking territory.

In 1932, a total of 19 schools were opened where education was performed in Ingrian.[7]. A first primer in the Ingrian language was published, based on a subdialect of Soikkola Ingrian.[10] The primer was the first of a series of schoolbooks written in this dialect. A number of features characteristic of the language in which these books were written included the vowel raising of mid vowels, and a lack of distinguish between voiced, semivoiced and voiceless consonants.

By 1935, the number of Ingrian schools increased to 23 (18 primary schools and 5 secondary schools).[7] At the same time, a systematic process of assimilation has begun.[7]

In 1936, Väinö Junus [fi], one of the authors of the above mentioned books, wrote a grammar of the Ingrian language, in Ingrian.[11] In the grammar, Junus introduced a literary language for Ingrian, which he based on the then most populous dialects: the Soikkola and Ala-Laukaa dialects. Junus' grammar included rules for spelling and inflection, as well as a general description of the spoken Ingrian language. The grammar introduced a new age of written Ingrian, and was soon followed by another wave of schoolbooks, written in the new literary variety of Ingrian.

The Ingrian schools stayed open until the mass repressions in 1937, during which Väinö Junus and many other teachers were executed, the schoolbooks were confiscated, and by 1938, the Ingrian selsovets were closed. Many Izhorians were sent to concentration camps or executed.[12][7]

During the world war, many Izhorians fell in battle, and starved due to the famine the war brought. A large number of Izhorians was deported, among with Ingrian Finns and Votians to Finland in 1943-1944, as part of an agreement between Finland and Germany during the Continuation War. Almost all Izhorian families decided to return to the Soviet Union after the war ended.[7] Upon return to the Soviet Union after the war, Izhorians were banned from settling their native lands, and were instead scattered across the nation.[7]

Due to the many repressions, deportations and war, the number of Izhorians, as well as Ingrian speakers, decreased dramatically.[7][3] The 1926 census counted over 16.000 Izhorians. In 1939 this number decreased to just over 7.000, and by 1959 just 369 people claimed to be native Ingrian speakers.[7]

Alphabet (1932)[edit]

A a Ä ä E e F f H h I i J j K k
L l M m N n O o Ö ö P p R r S s
T t U u V v Y y B b G g D d Z z

Alphabet (1936)[edit]

The order of the 1936 alphabet is similar to the Russian Cyrillic alphabet.

A a Ä ä B b V v G g D d E e Ƶ ƶ
Z z I i J j K k L l M m N n O o
Ö ö P p R r S s T t U u Y y F f
H h C c Ç ç Ş ş ь

Alphabet (2005–present)[edit]

The order of the current alphabet matches the Finnish alphabet.

A a B b C c D d E e F f G g H h
I i J j K k L l M m N n O o P p
R r S s Š š T t U u V v Y y Z z
Ž ž Ä ä Ö ö

Grammar[edit]

Main article: Ingrian grammar

Like other Uralic languages, Ingrian is a highly agglutinative language. Ingrian inflection is exclusively performed using inflectional suffixes, with prefixes being only used in derivation.

Ingrian nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular and plural) and case. Ingrian nominals distinguish between twelve cases, with a thirteenth (the comitative) only being present in nouns. Like Finnish, Ingrian has two cases used for the direct object: the nominative-genitive (used in telic constructions) and the partitive (used in atelic constructions). Ingrian adjectives often have a separate comparative form, but lack a morphologically distinct superlative.

Ingrian distinguishes between three persons. There is no distinction in gender, but there is an animacy distinction in interrogative pronouns.

Ingrian verbs feature four moods: indicative, conditional, imperative and the now rare potential. Verbs are inflected for three persons, two numbers and a special impersonal form for each of the moods, although the imperative lacks a first person form. The indicative has both present and past forms. Negation in Ingrian is expressed by means of a negative verb that inflects by person and has separate imperative forms.

Phonology[edit]

Main article: Ingrian phonology

Vowels[edit]

The Ingrian language has 9 vowels:

Front Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ y /y/ ь /ɨ/ u /u/
Mid e /e/ ö /ø/ o /o/
Open ä /æ/ a /ɑ/

Ingrian vowels can be phonologically long and short. Furthermore, these vowels can combine into a total of 14 diphthongs.

Consonants[edit]

The Ingrian language has 22 consonant sounds:

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ k /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Affricate ts /t͡s/ c /t͡ʃ/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ s /s/ š /ʃ/ h /h/, /x/
voiced z /z/ ž /ʒ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ (n /ŋ/)
Approximant v /ʋ/ l /l/ j /j/
Rhotic r /r/
  • The consonant ⟨h⟩ is realized as [h] when short and as [xː] when long (this distinction isn't present in the Ala-Laukaa dialect).
  • The consonant ⟨n⟩ is realized as [ŋ] when followed by the phoneme /k/ or /ɡ/.
  • Phonetic palatalization [ʲ] may occur among different dialects before close-front vowels /i, y/.
  • The voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/) and fricatives (/z/, /ʒ/), as well as the postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ are not phonemic in the Soikkola dialect's native words.

The Soikkola dialect has a three-way distinction of consonant length (/t/, /tˑ/, /tː/). Both the long and halflong geminates are shown double in writing (⟨tt⟩). Other dialects only differentiate between long (/tː/) and short (/t/) consonants.

Stress[edit]

Primary stress in Ingrian by rule comes on the first syllable, while the secondary stresses come on every further uneven syllable, with the exception of a final syllable.

puu ("wood") is realized as /ˈpuː/
kana ("chicken") is realized as /ˈkɑnɑ/
orava ("squirrel") is realized as /ˈorɑʋɑ/
cirkkulaiset ("sparrows") is realised as /ˈt͡ʃirkːuˌlɑi̯set/

Morphophonology[edit]

The Ingrian language has several morphophonological processes.

Vowel harmony is the process that the affixes attached to a lemma may change depending on the stressed vowel of the word. This means that if the word is stressed on a back vowel, the affix would contain a back vowel as well, while if the word's stress lies on a front vowel, the affix would naturally contain a front vowel. Thus, if the stress of a word lies on an "a", "o" or "u", the possible affix vowels would be "a", "o" or "u", while if the stress of a word lies on an "ä", "ö" or "y", the possible affix vowels to this word would then be "ä", "ö" or "y":

nappi (button, nominativa); nappia (button, partitiva)
näppi (pinch, nominativa); näppiä (pinch, partitiva)

The vowels "e" and "i" are neutral, that is to say that they can be used together with both types of vowels.

Vocabulary[edit]

The words in the Ingrian language are mostly of native Finnic origin, and show great similarity with the surrounding Finnish and Estonian languages. Below is given a Leipzig-Jakarta list of the Ingrian language:

Leipzig-Jakarta list of Ingrian
English Ingrian[13] Finnish Estonian Etymological notes
Literary Ingrian Ala-Laukaa Soikkola
fire tuli [ˈtulʲi] [ˈtuli] tuli tuli < PF *tuli
nose nenä [ˈnenæ] [ˈnenæ] nenä nina < PF *nenä
to go männä [ˈmænː] [ˈmænːæ] mennä minna < PF *mendäk
water vesi [ˈʋesi] [ˈʋeʒ̥i] vesi vesi < PF *veci
mouth suu [ˈsuː] [ˈʃuː] suu suu < PF *suu
tongue keeli, keel [ˈkeːlʲ] [ˈkeːlʲ(i)] kieli keel < PF *keeli
blood veri [ˈʋeri] [ˈʋeri] veri veri < PF *veri
bone luu [ˈɫuː] [ˈɫuː] luu luu < PF *luu
you; thou siä [ˈsiæ̯] [ˈʃiæ̯] sinä sina, sa < PF *sinä
root juuri, juur [ˈjuːrʲ] [ˈjuːr(i)] juuri juur < PF *juuri
to come tulla [ˈtuɫː] [ˈtuɫːɑ] tulla tulla < PF *tuldak
breast nännä [ˈnænː] [ˈnænːæ] (rinta) (rind) < PF *nännä
The Finnish and Estonian terms are reflected in Ingrian rinta ("chest")
rain vihma [ˈʋihm] [ˈʋihmɑ] vihma vihm < PF *vihma
I miä [ˈmiæ̯] [ˈmiæ̯] minä mina, ma < PF *minä
name nimi [ˈnimi] [ˈnimi] nimi nimi < PF *nimi
louse täi [ˈtæi̯] [ˈtæi̯] täi täi < PF *täi
wing siipi [ˈsiːpʲ] [ˈʃiːb̥i] siipi tiib < PF *siipi ~ *tiipa
meat; flesh liha [ˈlʲihɑ] [ˈlʲihɑ] liha liha < PF *liha
arm; hand käsi [ˈkæsi] [ˈkæʒ̥i] käsi käsi < PF *käci
fly kärpäin [ˈkærpəi̯n] [ˈkærpæi̯n] kärpänen kärbes < PF *kärpähinen
night öö [ˈøː] [ˈøː] yö öö < PF *öö
ear korva [ˈkorʋ] [ˈkorʋɑ] korva kõrv < PF *korva
neck kagla [ˈkɑɡɫ] [ˈkɑɡɫɑ] kaula kael < PF *kakla
far etähääl [ˈetːælʲː] [ˈed̥æhæːl] etäällä (kaugel) < PF *etähällä
to do; to make tehä [ˈtehæ] [ˈtehæ] tehdä teha < PF *tektäk
house talo [ˈtɑɫo] [ˈtɑɫoi̯] talo (maja) < PF *taloi
stone kivi [ˈkiʋi] [ˈkiʋi] kivi kivi < PF *kivi
bitter karkia [ˈkɑrke] [ˈkɑrkiɑ] (kitkerä) (mõru) < PF *karkeda
to say sannoa [ˈsɑnːo] [ˈʃɑnˑoɑ] sanoa (ütlema) < PF *sanodak
tooth hammas [ˈhɑmːəz] [ˈhɑmːɑʒ̥] hammas hammas < PF *hambas
(strand of) hair hius [ˈhiu̯z] [ˈhiu̯ʒ̥] hius juus < PF *hibus
big suur, suuri [ˈsuːrʲ] [ˈʃuːr(i)] suuri suur < PF *suuri
one yks [ˈyksʲ] [ˈykʃ] yksi üks < PF *ükci
who? 'ken? [ˈken] [ˈken] (kuka?) kes? < PF *ken
he; she hää [ˈhæn] [ˈhæː] hän (tema, ta) < PF *hän
to hit löövvä [ˈlʲøːʋː] [ˈløːʋːæ] lyödä lüüa < PF *löödäk
leg; foot jalka [ˈjɑɫk] [ˈjɑɫɡ̊ɑ] jalka jalg < PF *jalka
horn sarvi [ˈsɑrʋʲ] [ˈʃɑrʋi] sarvi sarv < PF *sarvi
this tämä [ˈtæmæ] [ˈtæmæ] tämä (see) < PF *tämä
fish kala [ˈkɑɫɑ] [ˈkɑɫɑ] kala kala < PF *kala
yesterday egle [ˈeɡlʲ] [ˈeɡle] eilen eile < PF *eklen
to drink joovva [ˈjuʋː] [ˈjoːʋːɑ] juoda juua < PF *joodak
black musta [ˈmust] [ˈmuʃtɑ] musta must < PF *musta
navel napa [ˈnɑpɑ] [ˈnɑb̥ɑ] napa naba < PF *napa
to stand seissa [ˈsei̯sː] [ˈʃei̯ʃːɑ] seistä seista < PF *saictak
to bite purra [ˈpurː] [ˈpurːɑ] purra pureda < PF *purdak
back takas [ˈtɑkɑz] [ˈtɑɡ̊ɑʒ̥] takaisin tagasi < PF *takaicin
wind tuuli, tuul [ˈtuːlʲ] ˈtuːl(i)] tuuli tuul < PF *tuuli
smoke savvu [ˈsɑʋːŭ̥] [ˈʃɑʋːu] savu (suits) < PF *savu
what? mikä? [ˈmikæ] [ˈmiɡ̊æ] mikä? mis? < PF *mi(kä)
child laps, lapsi [ˈɫɑpsʲ] [ˈɫɑpʃi] lapsi laps < PF *lapci
egg muna [ˈmunɑ] [ˈmunɑ] muna muna < PF *muna
to give antaa [ˈɑntɑ] [ˈɑntɑː] antaa anda < PF *antadak
new uus, uusi [ˈuːsʲ] [ˈuːʒ̥(i)] uusi uus < PF *uuci
to burn pallaa [ˈpɑɫːɑ] [ˈpɑɫˑɑː] palaa põleda < PF *paladak
not ei [ˈei̯] [ˈei̯] ei ei < PF *ei
good hyvä [ˈhyʋæ] [ˈhyʋæ] hyvä hea < PF *hüvä
to know tiitää [ˈtiːtæ] [ˈtiːtæː] tietää teada < PF *teetädäk
knee polvi [ˈpoɫʋʲ] [ˈpoɫʋi] polvi põlv < PF *polvi
sand liiva [ˈlʲiːʋ] [ˈlʲiːʋɑ] (hiekka) liiv < PF *liiva
to laugh nagraa [ˈnɑɡrɑ] ˈnɑɡrɑː] nauraa naerda < PF *nakradak
to hear kuulla [ˈkuːɫː] [ˈkuːɫːɑ] kuulla kuulda < PF *kuuldak
soil maa [ˈmɑː] [ˈmɑː] maa maa < PF *maa
leaf lehti [ˈlʲehtʲ] [ˈlehti] lehti leht < PF *lehti
red punain [ˈpunɑi̯n] [ˈpunˑɑi̯n] punainen punane < PF *punainën
liver leipäliha [ˈlʲei̯pəˌlʲihɑ] [ˈlei̯b̥æˌlʲihɑ] (maksa) (maks) < leipä ("bread") + liha ("meat")
to hide peittää [ˈpei̯tːæ] [ˈpei̯tːæː] peittää peita < PF *peittädäk
skin; leather nahka [ˈnɑxk] [ˈnɑxkɑ] nahka nahk < PF *nahka
to suck immiä [ˈimːe] [ˈimˑiæ] imeä imeda < PF *imedäk
to carry kantaa [ˈkɑntɑ] [ˈkɑntɑː] kantaa kanda < PF *kantadak
ant muurahain [ˈmuːrəhəi̯n] [ˈmuːrɑhɑi̯n] muurahainen (sipelgas) < PF *muurahainën
heavy raskas [ˈrɑskəz] [ˈrɑʃkɑʒ̥] raskas raske < PF *raskas ~ *raskëda
to take ottaa [ˈotːɑ] [ˈotːɑː] ottaa võtta < PF *vottadak
old vanha [ˈʋɑnɑ] [ˈʋɑnhɑ] vanha vana < PF *vanha
to eat söövvä [ˈsyʋː] [ˈʃøːʋːæ] syödä süüa < PF *söödäk
thigh reis [rei̯sʲ] [ˈrei̯ʒ̥] reisi reis < PF *raici
long pitkä [pitk] [ˈpitkæ] pitkä pikk < PF *pitkä
to blow puhhua [ˈpuxːo] [ˈpuxˑuɑ] (puhaltaa) puhuda < PF *puhudak
wood puu [ˈpuː] [ˈpuː] puu puu < PF *puu
to run joossa [ˈjoːsː] [ˈjoːʃːɑ] juosta joosta < PF *joostak
to fall langeta [ˈɫɑŋɡet] [ˈɫɑŋɡ̊ed̥ɑ] (pudota) langeda < PF *langët'ak
eye silmä [ˈsilʲm] [ˈʃilʲmæ] silmä silm < PF *silmä
ash tuhka [ˈtuxk] [ˈtuxkɑ] tuhka tuhk < PF *tuhka
tail häntä [ˈhænt] [ˈhænd̥æ] häntä händ < PF *häntä
dog koira [ˈkoi̯r] [ˈkoi̯rɑ] koira koer < PF *koira
to cry itkiä [ˈitke] [ˈitkiæ] itkeä (nutma) < PF *itkedäk
to tie sittoa [ˈsitːo] [ˈʃitˑoɑ] sitoa siduta < PF *sitodak
to see nähä [ˈnæhæ] [ˈnæhæ] nähdä näha < PF *näktäk
sweet makkia [ˈmɑkːe] [ˈmɑkˑiɑ] makea (magus) < PF *makëda
rope köys, köysi [ˈkøy̯sʲ] [ˈkøy̯ʒ̥(i)] köysi köis < PF *keüci
shadow kupahain [ˈkupɑhəi̯n] [ˈkub̥ɑhɑi̯n] (varjo) (vari)
bird lintu [ˈlʲintŭ̥] [ˈlʲind̥u] lintu lind < PF *lintu
salt soola [ˈsoːɫ] [ˈʃoːɫɑ] suola sool < PF *soola
small peeni, peen [ˈpeːnʲ] [ˈpeːn(i)] pieni peen < PF *peeni
wide levviä [ˈlʲeʋːe] [ˈleʋˑiæ] leveä (lai) < PF *levedä
star tähti [ˈtæhtʲ] [ˈtæhti] tähti täht < PF *tähti
inside sises [ˈsisesː] [ˈʃiʒ̥eʒ̥] sisässä sees < PF *sicässä
hard kova [ˈkoʋɑ] [ˈkoʋɑ] kova kõva < PF *kova
to grind jauhaa [ˈjɑu̯hɑ] [ˈjɑu̯hɑː] jauhaa (jahvatama) < PF *jauhadak

Nevertheless, borrowings from Russian, both old and new, are very common. Some borrowings from Finnish, Estonian and Votic are also present:[13]

A selection of common borrowed terms in Ingrian
Ingrian[13] English Source
Literary Ingrian Ala-Laukaa Soikkola
risti [ˈristʲ] [ˈriʃti] "cross" < Old East Slavic крьстъ (krĭstŭ) "cross"
lässiä [ˈlʲæsːe] [ˈlæʃˑiæ] "to be ill" < Old East Slavic лежати (ležati) "to lie"
ležžiä [ˈlʲeʒːe] [ˈleʃˑiæ] "to lie" < Russian лежать (ležatʹ) "to lie"
kapusta [ˈkɑpust] [ˈkɑb̥uʃtɑ] "cabbage" < Russian капуста (kapusta) "cabbage"
trappu [ˈtrɑpːŭ̥] [ˈtrɑpːu] "stair" < Finnish (t)rappu "stair"
vahti [ˈʋɑhtʲ] [ˈʋɑhti] "guard" < Finnish vahti "guard"
riikki [ˈriːkʲː] [ˈriːkːi] "country" < Estonian riik "country"
lusti [ˈɫustʲ] [ˈɫuʃti] "pretty" < Estonian lust "pleasure"
api [ˈɑpi] [ˈɑb̥i] "help" < Votic api "help"
roho [ˈroho] [ˈroho] "grass" < Votic roho "grass"

References[edit]

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  3. ^ a b c d Kuznetsova, Natalia; Markus, Elena; Mulinov, Mehmed (2015), "Finnic minorities of Ingria: The current sociolinguistic situation and its background", in Marten, H.; Rießler, M.; Saarikivi, J.; et al. (eds.), Cultural and linguistic minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union, Multilingual Education, vol. 13, Berlin: Springer, pp. 151–152, ISBN 978-3-319-10454-6, retrieved 25 March 2015
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  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Konkova, Olga I. (2009). Ижора: Очерки истории и культуры. Коренные народы Ленинградской Области (in Russian). St. Petersburg. ISBN 978-5-94348-049-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1947). Происхождение карельского народа (in Russian). Petrozavodsk: Государственное издание Карело-Финской ССР. p. 32.
  9. ^ Laanest, Arvo (1978). Isuri keele ajalooline foneetika ja morfoloogia. Tallinn. p. 3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Duubof, V. S.; Lensu, J. J.; Junus, V. I. (1932). Ensikirja ja lukukirja inkeroisia oppikoteja vart [Primer and reading book for Ingrian schools] (PDF) (in Ingrian). Leningrad: Valtion kustannusliike kirja. pp. 89 (вкладка).
  11. ^ V. I. Junus (1936). Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka (PDF) (in Ingrian).
  12. ^ Kurs, Ott (1994). "Ingria: The broken landbridge between Estonia and Finland". GeoJournal. 33 (1): 107–113. doi:10.1007/BF00810142.
  13. ^ a b c R. E. Nirvi (1971). Inkeroismurteiden sanakirja [Dictionary of the Ingrian dialects].

Bibliography[edit]

  • Paul Ariste 1981. Keelekontaktid. Tallinn: Valgus. [pt. 2.6. Kolme läänemere keele hääbumine lk. 76 – 82] (in Estonian)
  • A. Laanest. 1993. Ižorskij Jazyk. In V. N. Jartseva (ed.), Jazyki Mira: Ural'skie Jazyki, 55–63. Moskva: Nauka.

External links[edit]

Wiktionary has a category on Ingrian lemmas.
Ingrian language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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