Jump to content

1210s

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219.

Events

1210

By place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
England
[edit]
  • The Papal Interdict of 1208 remains in force.
  • King John extends his taxes and raises £100,000 from church property as an extraordinary fiscal levy; the operation is described as an “inestimable and incomparable exaction” by contemporary sources.[5]
  • November 1 – John orders that Jews across the country have to pay a tallage, a sum of money to the king. Those who do not pay are arrested and imprisoned. Many Jews are executed or leave the country.[6]
Levant
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Art and Culture
[edit]
Astronomy
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1211

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
  • June 17Battle of Antioch on the Meander: Seljuk forces led by Sultan Kaykhusraw I are initially victorious with the Latin mercenary cavalry (some 800 men) bearing the brunt of the casualties due to their flanking charge; exhausted by the effort in their attack, the Latin army under Emperor Theodore I Laskaris is struck in the flank and rear by the Seljuk forces. However, the Seljuks stop the fight in order to plunder the Latin camp – which allows Theodore's forces to rally and counter-attack the now disorganized Turks. Meanwhile, Kaykhusraw seeks out Theodore and engages him in single combat, but he is unhorsed and beheaded. The Seljuks are routed and the former Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, Theodore's father-in-law, is captured and imprisoned, ending his days in enforced monastic seclusion.[9]
  • October 15Battle of the Rhyndacus: Latin emperor Henry of Flanders lands with an expeditionary force (some 3,000 men) at Pegai, and marches eastwards to the Rhyndacus River. The Byzantine army (much larger in force overall) under Theodore I prepare an ambush, but Henry assaults his positions along the river and defeats the Byzantine army in a day-long battle. Henry marches unopposed through the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as Nymphaion.[10]
Mongol Empire
[edit]
  • Spring – Genghis Khan summons his Mongol chieftains, and prepares to wage war against the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in northern China. He advances across the Gobi Desert with a massive army of 100,000 warriors with 300,000 horses, strung out in perhaps 10–20 groups of 5,000–10,000 men each, each with camel-drawn carts, and all linked by fast-moving messengers. Meanwhile, the Jin Government mobilizes an army of 800,000 men, most of which are untrained peasants with low morale, and some 150,000 highly-trained cavalry. This vast army, however, is spread across the Great Wall, and garrisoned separate fortresses.[11]
  • Battle of Yehuling: Genghis Khan bypasses the Great Wall with little opposition, and splits his forces into two armies. The main army (60,000 men) is led by himself, and the other army is taken by his son Ögedei to attack the city of Datong. Genghis heads for the strategic Juyong Pass ("Young Badger's Mouth") – which leads down to the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing), but along the way he is halted at the pass of Yehuling where the bulk of the Jin army awaits him. Between March and October, the battle is fought in three stages, after Genghis has defeated the Jin forces, he begins raiding the countryside before he withdraws for the winter.[12]
Europe
[edit]
Britain
[edit]
  • Summer – King John of England ("Lackland") campaigns in Wales against Llywelyn the Great, prince of Gwynedd. In July, after the Welsh uprising, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.
  • June – Papal legate Pandulf Verraccio arrives in Northampton to serve John with his excommunication ordered by Innocent III. For John this is a serious blow to his ability to rule the country.
  • John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire, despite his status as an excommunicant.
  • The Papal Interdict of 1208 laid by Innocent III remains in force after John refuses to accept the pope's appointee.
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1212

By place

[edit]
England
[edit]
  • July 10 – The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over 3,000 people die, many of them by drowning in the River Thames. According to a contemporary account: "An awful fire broke out on the Southwark side of London Bridge; while it was raging, a fire broke out at the other end also and so hemmed in the numerous crowds who had assembled to help the distressed. The sufferers, to avoid the flames, threw themselves over the bridge into boats and barges; but many of these sunk, the people crowding into them.".[15]
  • King John (Lackland) impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops, who have deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.[16]
Europe
[edit]
  • Spring – After the fall of Argos the Crusaders complete their conquest of the Morea in southern Greece. The city, along with Nauplia, is given to Otho de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, as a fief, along with an income of 400 hyperpyron from Corinth.[17] Meanwhile, the Venetians conquer Crete and evict Enrico Pescatore, a Genoese adventurer and pirate, active in the Mediterranean.
  • July 16Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII (the Noble) decisively defeat the Almohad army (some 30,000 men) led by Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir. The victory gives a further impulse to the Reconquista but this leaves the Kingdom of Castile in a difficult financial position, as numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.[18]
  • The Children's Crusade is organized. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark for the Holy Land – but both of which suffer considerable hardship.[19]
    • Early Spring – Nicholas leads a group from the Rhineland and crosses the alps into Italy. In August, he arrives with some 7,000 children in Genoa. Nicholas travels to the Papal States where he meets Pope Innocent III.
    • June – The 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Vendôme. Attracting a following of over 30,000 adults and children. After arriving in Marseilles the vast majority return home to their families.
  • The Teutonic Order builds Bran Castle (or Dietrichstein) in the Burzenland (modern Romania) as a fortified position at the entrance of a mountain pass through which traders can travel. The Teutonic Knights built another five castles, some of them made of stone. Their rapid expansion in Hungary makes the nobility and clergy, who are previously uninterested in those regions, jealous and suspicious.
  • December 9 – The 18-year-old Frederick II is crowned King of the Germans at Mainz. Frederick's authority in Germany remains tenuous, and he is recognized only in southern Germany. In the region of northern Germany, the center of Guelph power, his rival Otto IV continues to hold the imperial power despite his excommunication.[20]
Asia
[edit]
  • Autumn – Genghis Khan invades Jin territory and besieges Datong. During the assault, he is wounded by an arrow in his knee and orders a withdrawal for rest and relaxation.[21]

By topic

[edit]
Literature
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1213

1214

By place

[edit]
Byzantine Empire
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Asia
[edit]
  • Spring – Emperor Xuan Zong of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin Dynasty surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis khan – who have besieged the capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing) for a year. He is forced to pay tribute (including some 3,000 horses, 10,000 'bolts' of silk and his daughter), along with subjugation to the Mongol Khan. Xuan Zong abandons northern China and moves his court to Kaifeng.[36]
  • After securing all Jin lands north of the Yellow River, Genghis Khan receives a message that Xuan Zong has moved his capital to Kaifeng. He returns to Zhongdu and precedes the city with the help of thousands of Chinese engineers. The Mongols starve the city out (the inhabitants are forced to eat the dead). The garrison, with a short supply of ammunition for the cannons holds out for the winter.[37]
  • In his campaigns in Liaodong, the Mongol general Muqali (or Mukhali) forms a newly Khitan-Chinese army and a special corps of some 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.

By topic

[edit]
Education
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1215

By continent

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Art and Science
[edit]
Literature
[edit]

1216

By continent

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Levant
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Literature
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1217

Fifth Crusade

[edit]
  • Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King Andrew II of Hungary arrives with his army in Split, in Dalmatia. He is joined by German forces, led by Duke Leopold VI (the Glorious). At the end of July, Pope Honorius III orders the crusaders assembled in Italy and Sicily to proceed to Cyprus, but there is no transport provided by the Italian city-states, Venice, Genoa and Pisa.
  • September: Leopold VI finds some ships in Split, that bring him and a small force to Acre. Andrew follows him about a fortnight later; in Split, he receives only two ships. The rest of Andrew's army is left behind. Meanwhile, King Hugh I of Cyprus lands at Acre, with troops to support the Crusade.[51]
  • November – The Crusader army (some 15,000 men) under Andrew II sets out from Acre, and marches up the Plain of Esdraelon. Sultan Al-Adil I, on hearing that the crusaders are assembling, sends some Muslim troops to Palestine, to halt their advance. The crusaders move towards Beisan, while Al-Adil waits at Ajloun Castle, ready to intercept any attack on Damascus. He sends his son, Al-Mu'azzam, to cover Jerusalem. On November 10, Andrew's well-mounted army defeats Al-Adil at Bethsaida, on the Jordan River. Beisan is occupied and sacked; the Muslims retreat to their fortresses and towns.[52]
  • December – King John I of Jerusalem leads an expedition into Lebanon. On December 3, he undertakes fruitless assaults on Muslim fortresses and on Mount Tabor. Meanwhile, the Crusader army under Andrew II wanders across the Jordan Valley and up the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. During the occupation, Andrew spends his time collecting alleged relics. By the end of December, supplies run out, and the crusaders retreat to Acre.[52]


Other events by place

[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Literature
[edit]

1218

By place

[edit]
Fifth Crusade
[edit]
  • May 24 – A Crusader expeditionary force, (some 30,000 men) under King John I of Jerusalem, embarks at Acre (supported by Frisian ships), and sails for Egypt. They arrive at the harbour of Damietta, on the right bank of the Nile, on May 27. Sultan Al-Adil, surprised by the invasion, recruits an army in Syria, while his son Al-Kamil marches an Egyptian force northwards from Cairo, and encamps at Al-Adiliya, a few miles south of Damietta.[58]
  • June 24Siege of Damietta: The Crusader army assaults the fortified city of Damietta, but they repeatedly fail. As a result, the Crusaders create a new type of naval siege weaponry, attributed by the German chronicler Oliver of Paderborn: two ships are bound together, with a siege tower and ladder constructed on top.
  • August 24 – After a fierce fight, the Crusaders manage to establish themselves on the ramparts of Damietta, and capture the fort.[59]
  • September – Cardinal Pelagius arrives with reinforcements at the Crusader camp, and proceeds to challenge the command of John I, claiming that the Church holds greater authority than a secular leader. Meanwhile, the Crusaders spend time clearing out an old canal, so that their ships can surround Damietta. Pelagius also brings news that King Frederick II has promised to follow soon, with a German expeditionary force.[60]
  • Al-Kamil decides to offer the Crusaders a deal, Jerusalem in exchange for their departure from Egypt. John I favored accepting this offer but Pelagius refuses, unless it also includes Kerak Castle and other former castles of Jerusalem, to the east of the Jordan River. Al-Kamil refuses these strategically important sites, and Pelagius rejects the offer. This angers the Crusaders – who consider Jerusalem their important goal.[61]
  • October 9 – Al-Kamil conducts a surprise attack on the Crusader camp. Discovering their movements, John I and his retinue counter-attack and annihilates the Egyptian advance guard. On October 26, Al-Kamil attacks by using a bridge across the Nile, after a fierce onslaught the Egyptians are driven back into the river. The Crusaders strengthen their siege lines and receive French and English reinforcements at Damietta.[62]
  • November 29 – A storm, lasting for 3 days, floods the Crusader camp – devastating the Crusaders' supplies and transportation. To prevent a recurrence Pelagius orders a dyke to be constructed. After the camp is repaired, a serious epidemic strikes the Crusader forces. The victims suffer from a high fever, and at least a sixth of the soldiers die. During the severe winter, the survivors are left enfeebled and depressed.[63]
Mongol Empire
[edit]
  • Spring – Genghis Khan dispatches a Mongolian army (some 20,000 cavalry) under Jebe, to deal with the Qara Khitai (or Western Liao) threat. Meanwhile, he sends Subutai with another army on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits. Jebe defeats a force of 30,000 men led by Prince Kuchlug at the Khitan capital Balasagun. Kuchlug flees south to modern Afghanistan, but is captured by hunters – who hands him over to the Mongols. After Kuchlug is beheaded and paraded through the cities of his new domains, Genghis annexes the entire Khitai empire under Mongol rule.[64]
  • Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a successful campaign against the Kyrgyz. Meanwhile, Genghis sends a caravan with precious gifts to Muhammad II, ruler (shah) of the Khwarazmian Empire, hoping to establish trade relations. However, Inalchuq, Khwarazmian governor of Otrar, attacks the caravan, claiming that the caravan contains spies. Genghis then sends a second group of three ambassadors to Muhammad to demand the merchants be set free. Muhammad refuses, and the merchants along with one of the ambassadors are executed.[65]
Britain
[edit]
Europe
[edit]
Levant
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Education
[edit]
Markets
[edit]
Religion
[edit]

1219

By place

[edit]
Fifth Crusade
[edit]
  • FebruaryPelagius orders the Crusader army to prepare an attack against the Egyptians but is unsuccessful because of the weather and strength of the defenders. Sultan Al-Kamil, in command of the Egyptian forces, is almost overthrown by a conspiracy in his entourage. He considers fleeing to the Ayyubid Emirate of Yemen, ruled by his son Al-Mas'ud Yusuf, but the arrival of his brother Al-Mu'azzam, with reinforcements from Syria, ends the conspiracy. On hearing the news that Al-Kamil and his army is retreating to Cairo, the Crusaders march to Al-Adiliya. After driving back an assault from the garrison of Damietta they occupy the town on February 5.[71]
  • April – The Crusaders surround Damietta, with the Italian forces to the north, Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller to the east – and King John I of Jerusalem with his French and Pisan troops to the south. The Frisians and German troops occupy the old camp across the Nile. A new wave of Crusader reinforcements from Cyprus arrive led by Walter III of Caesarea. Meanwhile, Al-Mu'azzam decides to dismantle the fortifications at Mount Tabor and other defensive positions, as well as Jerusalem itself, in order to deny their protection should the Crusaders prevail there. Some fanatics wish to destroy the Holy Sepulchre, but this is refused by Al-Mu'azzam.[72]
  • April 7Al-Muzaffar II, Ayyubid ruler of Hama, arrives Egypt with Syrian reinforcements, leading multiple attacks on the Crusader camp at Al-Adiliya, with little impact. In the meantime, new Crusader forces bring badly-needed supplies. Egyptian attacks continue through May, with Crusader counter-attacks utilizing a Lombard device known as a carroccio, confounding the defenders.[73]
  • July 8 – Pelagius begins multiple attacks at Damietta, using Pisan and Venetian troops. Each time they are repelled by the defenders, using Greek fire. A counter-offensive led by Al-Kamil on the Templar camp is repulsed on July 31 by their new Grand Master Peire de Montagut, supported by the Teutonic Knights – where the Crusaders reform and pursue the enemy outside the gates.[74]
  • August 29 – The Crusaders attack the Egyptian camp in the Battle of Faraskur and the Muslims pretend a feigned retreat to Mansoura. John I advises to camp overnight, because there is no fresh water in the region between the Nile and Lake Manzalah. Al-Kamil decides to halt the retreat and turns his forces to deliver a smashing attack upon the disorganized Crusaders, losing some 4,300 men.[75]
  • SeptemberFrancis of Assisi, an Italian preacher, arrives in the Crusader camp and introduces Catholicism in Egypt. He seeks permission from Pelagius to visit Al-Kamil. After an initial refusal, he sends Francis under a flag of truce to Faraskur. Al-Kamil receives him courteously and offers him many gifts. He accepts a death-bed baptism, and is escorted back to the Crusader camp.[76]
  • October – Al-Kamil sends two captive knights as envoys, to renew his former offers of an armistice. If the Crusaders evacuate Egypt, he will return the True Cross (lost in the Battle of Hattin) and they can have Jerusalem, all central Palestine and Galilee. John I advised its acceptance, along with the nobles from England, France and Germany. Pelagius again refuses the peace terms.[77]
  • November 5Siege of Damietta: The Crusaders enter Damietta and find it abandoned. Seeing the Crusader standards flying from the towers, Al-Kamil hastily abandons his camp at Faraskur and withdraws to Mansoura. Survivors in the city are either sent into slavery or held as hostages to trade for Christian prisoners. On November 23, the Crusader army captures the city of Tinnis.[78]
Mongol Empire
[edit]
  • Winter – Genghis Khan sends a Mongol army (some 20,000 men) under his eldest son Jochi and Jebe to cross the Tian Shan mountains ("Heavenly Mountains") to ravage the fertile Fergana Valley, in the eastern part of the Khwarezm Empire. The Mongols suffer many losses but slip through the defensive lines and confuse the enemy who thinks this is Genghis' main force. Muhammad II dispatches his elite cavalry reserve to protect the fertile regions with force. Meanwhile, another Mongol army under his second and third sons Chagatai and Ögedei passes through the Dzungarian Gate, and immediately start laying siege to the border city of Otrar.[79]
  • Mongol forces under Chagatai and Ögedei capture Otrar after a 5-month siege. The city becomes the first of many settlements to have its entire population slain or enslaved before it is razed to the ground. Inalchuq, the Khwarezmian governor of Otrar, is captured and executed by pouring molten silver into his eyes and ears – an unlikely and unnecessarily expensive end.[80]
  • By letter, Genghis Khan summons Qiu Chuji (Master Changchun) to visit him, to advise him on the medicine of immortality (the Philosopher's Stone).
Europe
[edit]
Asia
[edit]

By topic

[edit]
Technology
[edit]

Significant people

[edit]

Births

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

Deaths

1210

1211

1212

without date in the batavian republic 1212 Storm surge of 1212: A storm surge in the north of Holland claims approximately 60,000 deaths 1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566), p. 75. London: John Murray. OCLC 563022439.
  2. ^ Dunham, S. A. (1835). A History of the Germanic Empire, Vol I, p. 196.
  3. ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 133. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  4. ^ Subrena, Jean-Jacques (2004). Estonia: Identity and Independence, p. 301. ISBN 90-420-0890-3.
  5. ^ Ferris, Eleanor (1902). "The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". American Historical Review. 8 (1): 1–17. doi:10.2307/1832571. JSTOR 1832571.
  6. ^ Carpenter, David (2004). The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain (1066–1284), p. 272. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-014824-4.
  7. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 113. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  8. ^ Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection, p. 162. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  9. ^ Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary, pp. 131–132. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1.
  10. ^ Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary, pp. 148–153. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1.
  11. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, death and Resurrection, p. 164. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  12. ^ Wolter J. Fabrycky; P. M. Ghare; Paul E. Torgersen (1972). Industrial operations research, p. 313. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-464263-5.
  13. ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis, p. 215. ISBN 0-85115-807-2.
  14. ^ Williams Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 133. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  15. ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p26
  16. ^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 169–172.
  17. ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, p. 90. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
  18. ^ a b c d Linehan, Peter (1999). "Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre". In David Abulafia (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 668–671. ISBN 0-521-36289-X.
  19. ^ Bridge, Antony (1980). The Crusades. London: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-531-09872-9.
  20. ^ Toch, Michael (1999). "Welffs, Hohenstaufen and Habsburgs". In Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (eds.). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1198– c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. p. 381.
  21. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 166. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  22. ^ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary. The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xxix. ISBN 9780313308178.
  23. ^ Moore, John Clare (2003). Pope Innocent 3rd 1160/61-1216: To Root Up and to Plant. The Medieval Mediterranean. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 212–214. ISBN 9789004129252.
  24. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. I: ca. 3000 BCE - 1499 CE. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 269. ISBN 9781851096725.
  25. ^ Poole, Austin Lane (1993). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 459–461. ISBN 9780192852878.
  26. ^ de Puylaurens, Guillaume (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 45–47. ISBN 9780851159256.
  27. ^ Brooks, Constantina E. (June–November 1872). "The Battle of Muret, A.D. 1213". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. XLV: 449.
  28. ^ Bennett, Matthew (1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Chicago, London: Taylor & Francis. p. 73. ISBN 9781579581169.
  29. ^ McNab, Chris (2017). Famous Battles of the Medieval Period. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 47. ISBN 9781502632470.
  30. ^ Mylod, E. J.; Perry, Guy; Smith, Thomas W.; Vandeburie, Jan (2016). The Fifth Crusade in Context: The Crusading Movement in the Early Thirteenth Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317160175.
  31. ^ Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 612–613. ISBN 9780674023871. 1213 Fifth Crusade.
  32. ^ Bird, Jessalynn; Peters, Edward; Powell, James M. (2013). Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 106–112. ISBN 9780812207651.
  33. ^ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society, p. 718. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-804-72630-2.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  35. ^ Oman, Charles (2012). A History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages from the Fourth to the Fourteenth Century, p. 539. ISBN 978-1-62358-003-2.
  36. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  37. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 171. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  38. ^ Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). The History of the Albigensian Crusade, pp. 554–559. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 0-85115-807-2.
  39. ^ Warren, W. Lewis. (1991). King John, p. 233. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-45520-3.
  40. ^ Tout, T. F.(1889). "Fitzwalter, Robert". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.) Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 225–229.
  41. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  42. ^ Hywel, Williams (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 134. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  43. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ordeals" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  44. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 171. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  45. ^ Turner, Ralph V. (2009). King John: England's Evil King?, p. 194. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4850-3.
  46. ^ Green, Neal (2021). The Siege of Berkhamsted Castle - a reappraisal, p. 4. Academia Letters, Article 1834.
  47. ^ Dell'Umbria, Alèssi (2006). Histoire universelle de Marseille. De l'an mil à l'an deux mille, p. 27. Marseille: Agone. ISBN 2-7489-0061-8.
  48. ^ Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307. Oxford History of England, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5.
  49. ^ Kenneth M; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry (eds.). A History of The Crusades, Vol II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, pp. 522–554. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
  50. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 123. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  51. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  52. ^ a b Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 125. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  53. ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1960). The Buildings of England: Leicestershire and Rutland, p. 195. Penguin Books.
  54. ^ Ostrogorsky, George (1995). History of the Byzantine State, p. 433. Translated by Hussey, Joan. Rutgers University Press.
  55. ^ Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1947). King Henry III and the Lord Edward, pp. 15–16. Oxford: Clarendon. OCLC 1044503.
  56. ^ Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History, pp. 77–79. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  57. ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 110. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
  58. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  59. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  60. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 131. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  61. ^ Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, Translated by John J. Gavigan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1948.
  62. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  63. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 132. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  64. ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  65. ^ John Man (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 184. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  66. ^ "BBC Wales History". Archived from the original on November 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  67. ^ a b c Hywel Williams (2011). Cassell's Chronology of World History, p. 135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  68. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 129. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  69. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Minamoto no Sanetomo" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 633. ISBN 0-674-00770-0.
  70. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for rent, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9-00417565-5.
  71. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  72. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 133. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  73. ^ Moses, Paul (2009). The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace, pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-385-52370-7.
  74. ^ Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege, pp. 412–413. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  75. ^ Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969). The Fifth Crusade: Prelude to the Siege, p. 414. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  76. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  77. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 136. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  78. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  79. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  80. ^ Man, John (2011). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection, p. 193. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9.
  81. ^ Butkevičienė, Birutė; Gricius, Vytautas (July 2003). "Mindaugas — Lietuvos karalius". Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas (in Lithuanian). 7 (547). Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  82. ^ Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 138. ISBN 978-0-241-29877-0.
  83. ^ Elizabeth Ewan, ed. (2006). The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004 (Reprinted ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. p. 400. ISBN 0-7486-1713-2.
  84. ^ Commire, Anne (1999). Women in World History. Vol. I. Waterford, CT: Gale. p. 77. ISBN 9780787640613.
  85. ^ Clark, Matthew (2017). "Religious Sects, Syncretism, and Claims of Antiquity: The Dashanami–Sannyasis and South Asian Sufis'. In Literary, Religious and Political Cultures in Medieval and Early Modern India". In Aquil, Raziuddin; Curley, David L. (eds.). Literary and Religious Practices in Medieval and Early Modern India. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 87. ISBN 9781351987325.
  86. ^ Dabashi, Hamid (2012). The World of Persian Literary Humanism. Harvard University Press. pp. Cambridge, MA and London. ISBN 9780674067592.
  87. ^ أبو غدة, عبد الفتاح (1984). قيمة الزمن عند العلماء. مكتب المطبوعات الإسلامية – الطبعة العاشرة, حلب. p. 73.
  88. ^ Consoli, Joseph P. (2013). The Novellino or One Hundred Ancient Tales: An Edition and Translation based on the 1525 Gualteruzzi editio princeps. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-136-51105-9.
  89. ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2006). Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 579. ISBN 9781851097708.
  90. ^ Schmermund, Elizabeth (2017). Women Warriors. New York: Enslow Publishing, LLC. pp. 39–43. ISBN 9780766081529.
  91. ^ Baldwin, John W. (1991) [1986]. The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 199. ISBN 9780520911116.
  92. ^ Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E. (1999). The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. p. 141. ISBN 9780851157511.
  93. ^ Woodward, Bernard Bolingbroke; Cates, William Leist Readwin (1872). Encyclopaedia of Chronology: Historical and Biographical. London: Lee and Shepard. p. 227.
  94. ^ Martin, Therese (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture (2 Vol. Set). Visualizing the Middle Ages. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 352. ISBN 9789004185555.
  95. ^ de Puylaurens, Guillaume (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780851159256.
  96. ^ Jenkins, Ernest E. (2012). The Mediterranean World of Alfonso II and Peter II of Aragon (1162–1213). The New Middle Ages. New York: Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9781137078261.
  97. ^ Sarfaty, David E. (2010). Buy Columbus Re-discovered: Why the King of Aragon Suppressed the Discoverer's Identity and How He Did. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 9781434997500.
  98. ^ Berend, Nora (2017). The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000 - 1500. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351890083.
  99. ^ Bork, Robert; Clark, William W.; McGehee, Abby (2016). New Approaches to Medieval Architecture. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351915137.
  100. ^ Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxiii. ISBN 9781317022008.
  101. ^ Jeep, John M. (2001). Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Psychology Press. p. 467. ISBN 9780824076443.
  102. ^ Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992). Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: The Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 213. ISBN 9780806313672.
  103. ^ West, Francis (2005). Justiceship England 1066-1232. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 137. ISBN 9780521619646.
  104. ^ Dahan-Dalmédico, Amy; Peiffer, Jeanne (2010) [1986]. History of Mathematics: Highways and Byways. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. p. 97. ISBN 9780883855621.
  105. ^ Gharipour, Mohammad (2015). The Historiography of Persian Architecture. London and New York: Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9781317427223.
  106. ^ Cooke, Roger L. (2011) [2005]. The History of Mathematics.: A Brief Course (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 426. ISBN 9781118030240.
  107. ^ Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip (23 November 2020). A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 673. ISBN 978-0-631-20155-7.
  108. ^ Poonawala, Ismail K. (2009). "ʿAlī b. al-Walīd". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22932. ISSN 1873-9830.