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1982 Alberta general election

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1982 Alberta general election

← 1979 November 2, 1982 (1982-11-02) 1986 →

79 seats in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
40 seats were needed for a majority
Turnout66.00%
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
WCC
Leader Peter Lougheed Grant Notley Gordon Kesler
Party Progressive Conservative New Democratic Western Canada Concept
Leader since 1965 1968 1982
Leader's seat Calgary-West Spirit River-Fairview ran in Highwood (lost)
Last election 74 seats, 57.4% 1 seat, 15.8% pre-creation
Seats before 73 1 1
Seats won 75 2 0
Seat change Increase2 Increase1 Decrease1
Popular vote 588,485 177,166 111,131
Percentage 62.3% 18.7% 11.8%
Swing Increase4.9% Increase2.9%

  Fourth party Fifth party
 
SC
ARM
Leader George Richardson Tom Sindlinger
Party Social Credit Reform Movement
Leader since 1982 1982
Leader's seat ran in Whitecourt (lost) Calgary-Buffalo (lost re-election)
Last election 4 seats, 19.9% pre-creation
Seats before 1 1
Seats won 0 0
Seat change Decrease1 Decrease1
Popular vote 7,843 6,258
Percentage 0.8% 0.7%
Swing Decrease19.1%

Premier before election

Peter Lougheed
Progressive Conservative

Premier after election

Peter Lougheed
Progressive Conservative

The 1982 Alberta general election was held on November 2, 1982, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

Less than four years had passed since the Progressive Conservatives won their landslide victory in 1979. Premier Peter Lougheed decided to call a snap election to catch fledgling new parties off guard, most notably the separatist Western Canada Concept which was capitalizing on anger over Lougheed's perceived weakness in dealings with the federal government, in particular his acceptance of the hugely unpopular National Energy Program. The WCC's Gordon Kesler had won a by-election earlier in the year, and Lougheed decided that it would be wise to stage a showdown with the WCC sooner rather than later.

Lougheed then proceeded to mount a campaign based largely on scare tactics, warning Albertans angry with Ottawa but yet uneasy with the WCC that they could end up with a separatist government by voting for a separatist party. Lougheed would also promise to sell the government owned airline Pacific Western Airlines, which the Lougheed government had purchased in 1974.[1] The strategy worked for the Tories, who won their fourth consecutive term in government, and returned to the 62% popular vote level it had attained in the 1975 election. This netted the Tories 75 seats in the legislature—in terms of percentage of seats won, the second-largest majority government in the province's history. In the process, they reduced the opposition to only four MLAs in total.

The Alberta Liberal Party was punished in the wake of the NEP. Barely able to field candidates in a third of the ridings, it went down to one of its worst showings in party history.

The Social Credit Party bottomed out after spending a decade in the wilderness after losing power in 1971. In a harbinger of things to come, Socred leader Robert Curtis Clark returned to the backbench shortly after the 1979 election, and retired from politics in 1981. Clark's old seat of Olds-Didsbury was resoundingly lost to the WCC in the ensuing by-election, dropping the Socreds to only three seats, one short of official party status. In March 1982, Socred parliamentary leader Raymond Speaker announced the Socreds would sit out the election. A resolution was put forward to disband the party, but failed. After the writs were issued for the 1982 election, two of the remaining three Socred MLAs, Speaker and Walt Buck, resigned from the party to run for reelection as independents. The third, Fred Mandeville, opted not to run for reelection. With no incumbents for the first time since 1935 and no full-time leader, the party's share of the popular vote fell from almost 20% to less than one percent. It was shut out of the legislature for the first time since 1935, never to return. Speaker and Buck, however, did win reelection, and later formed the Representative Party of Alberta after being denied opposition status.

The New Democratic Party, led by Grant Notley, became the official opposition when Ray Martin was elected to the legislature. Notley had been the sole NDP MLA for more than a decade.

The WCC, a party that advocated the separation of the four western provinces of Canada to form a new country, had surprised Canadians when Kesler won his by-election and took a seat in the Alberta legislature. Although Kesler lost his seat in this election after he changed electoral districts from Olds-Didsbury and ran in Highwood, the WCC won almost 12% of the popular vote.

The Alberta Reform Movement, a new party founded by ex-Progressive Conservative Tom Sindlinger was caught unaware when the election was called, and ended up losing its only seat in Calgary Buffalo.

Opinion polls

[edit]
Evolution of voting intentions at provincial level
Polling firm Last day
of survey
Source PCA ANDP WCC ALP ASC Other Undecided ME Sample
Election 1982 November 2, 1982 62.28 18.75 11.76 1.81 0.83
Alberta Report September 26, 1982 [2] 71 15 7 5 2 2,370
Alberta Report September 26, 1982 [3] 52 17 20 7 3 31 400
Election 1979 March 14, 1979 57.40 15.75 6.16 19.87

Results

[edit]

Overall voter turnout was 66.00%.[4]

Party Party leader # of
candidates
Seats Popular vote
1979 Diss. Elected % Change # % % Change
Progressive Conservative Peter Lougheed 79 74 73 75 +1.4% 588,485 62.28% +4.88%
New Democratic Grant Notley 79 1 1 2 +100% 177,166 18.75% +3.00%
  Independent 34 - 2 2 - 36,590 3.87% +3.10%
Western Canada Concept Gordon Kesler 78 * 1 - * 111,131 11.76% *
Liberal Nicholas Taylor 29 - - - - 17,074 1.81% -4.35%
Social Credit George Richardson 23 4 1 - -100% 7,843 0.83% -19.04%
Alberta Reform Movement Tom Sindlinger 14 * 1 - -100% 6,258 0.66% *
Communist 8 - - - - 389 0.04% -0.01%
Total 344 79 79 79 - 944,936 100%  
Source: Elections Alberta

Note:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

Popular vote
PC
62.28%
New Democratic
18.75%
WCC
11.76%
Liberal
1.81%
Social Credit
0.83%
Others
4.57%
Seats summary
PC
94.94%
New Democratic
2.53%
Independent
2.53%

Results by riding

[edit]
Electoral district Candidates Incumbent
PC NDP Western Canada Concept Liberal Other
Athabasca Frank Appleby
5,342
56.96%
Ed Caraher
1,952
20.81%
Con Sehn
1,538
16.40%
Adam Hauch (SoCred)
529
5.64%
Frank Appleby
Banff-Cochrane Greg Stevens
8,369
72.06%
David Evans
1,288
11.09%
Larry Peterson
1,919
16.52%
Greg Stevens
Barrhead Kenneth R. Kowalski
5,001
51.37%
Harold E. Wharton
478
4.91%
John Thomas Mitchell
633
6.50%
Nicholas Taylor
3,331
34.22%
Shirley Bassani (SoCred)
240
2.47%
Ernie Charman (ARM)
39
0.40%
Hugh F. Horner
Bonnyville Ernie Isley
4,842
59.43%
Tom Turner
2,547
31.26%
Eric E. Enns
732
8.98%
Ernie Isley
Bow Valley Tom N. Musgrove
4,541
60.06%
Bradley Neubauer
266
3.52%
Murray Erickson (Ind.)
2,719
35.96%
Fred T. Mandeville
Calgary-Bow Neil Webber
9,412
70.02%
Catherine Martini
2,293
17.06%
Roy P. Rasmusen
1,059
7.88%
Floyd Allen
380
2.83%
Douglas Stewart Williams (SoCred)
253
1.88%
Neil Webber
Calgary-Buffalo Brian Craig Lee
7,591
62.01%
Barry Pashak
1,211
9.89%
Anita Bozak
739
6.04%
Tom Sindlinger (ARM)
2649
21.64%
Tom Sindlinger
Calgary-Currie Dennis L. Anderson
9,701
75.51%
Glenn Miller
1,417
11.03%
Darwin M. Sorenson
1,018
7.92%
Rork Hilford
686
5.34%
Dennis L. Anderson
Calgary-Egmont David John Carter
10,331
78.18%
Leroy Thompson
1,128
8.54%
Richard A. Langen
1,174
8.88%
Bernie C. Tanner
396
3.00%
Victor Lenko (ARM)
158
1.20%
Merv Leitch
Calgary-Elbow David J. Russell
7,521
69.64%
Thora Miessner
1,054
9.76%
Gregory J. Langen
829
7.68%
John S. Webb
674
6.24%
Don Carter (Ind.)
520
4.81%
Ray Neilson (SoCred)
172
1.59%
David J. Russell
Calgary-Fish Creek William Edward Payne
17,376
79.63%
Tom Polmear
1,501
6.88%
Byron L. Chenger
2,252
10.32%
Alan D.J. Sopczak
659
3.02%
William Edward Payne
Calgary-Foothills Janet Koper
9,708
66.92%
Joanne Hedenstrom
2,249
15.50%
Robert Moyor
1,438
9.91%
Larry Adorjan
540
3.72%
Carol Stein (Ind.)
570
3.93%
Stewart A. McCrae
Calgary-Forest Lawn John Zaozirny
9,704
73.94%
Ken Richmond
1,478
11.26%
Henry Hein Braeutigam
1,244
9.48%
J.V.W. Gairy
314
2.39%
Ella Ayers (SoCred)
294
2.24%
Bruce Potter (Comm)
56
0.43%
John Zaozirny
Calgary-Glenmore Hugh L. Planche
13,835
77.63%
George Yanchula
1,532
8.60%
Brian McClung
1,864
10.46%
Barry J. Rust (ARM)
526
2.95%
Hugh L. Planche
Calgary-McCall Stanley Kenneth Nelson
17,493
76.40%
Dennis Bennett
2,673
11.67%
Terry Wolsey
1,728
7.55%
Don Bryant (Ind.)
852
3.72%
Grand Tim Majanja (ARM)
120
0.52%
Andrew Little
Calgary-McKnight Eric Charles Musgreave
12,130
71.54%
Eileen Nesbitt
2,451
14.46%
John J. Jasienczyk
1,332
7.86%
John J. Gleason
621
3.66%
Jerry J. Glowacki (SoCred)
383
2.26%
Eric Charles Musgreave
Calgary-Millican Gordon Wells Shrake
6,323
68.38%
David Davis Swan
1,626
17.58%
Garnet E. Birch
779
8.42%
Zoritza Kasparian (Ind.)
417
4.51%
Doris Schupp (Comm)
50
0.54%
David John Carter
Calgary-Mountain View Bohdan Zip
7,187
57.43%
Phil Elder
3,372
26.95%
Stephen B. Keeling
772
6.17%
J. Curtis Joynt
420
3.36%
Diane Ablonczy (Ind.)
706
5.64%
Stan Kushner
Calgary-North Hill Ed Oman
9,168
72.50%
Agnes Middleton
1,753
13.86%
Gordon Kennard
968
7.66%
Dorothy Groves
701
5.54%
Ed Oman
Calgary-North West Sheila Embury
11,711
74.85%
Floyd A. Johnson
1,745
11.15%
Walter Kostiuk
1,768
11.30%
A. Leith McClure (SoCred)
404
2.58%
Sheila Embury
Calgary-West Peter Lougheed
11,668
78.41%
Ed Smith
1,175
7.90%
Bruce Roper
1,106
7.43%
Barbara Ann Scott
598
4.02%
Leonard Petterson (SoCred)
251
1.69%
Peter Lougheed
Camrose Gordon Stromberg
10,547
63.53%
Garry Oberg
3,070
18.49%
Keith Schmidt
2,900
17.47%
Gordon Stromberg
Cardston John Thompson
3,738
59.14%
Leslie N. Howard
250
3.96%
Steve Pinchak
2,309
36.53%
John Thompson
Chinook Henry Kroeger
4,837
73.54%
Gladys Creasy
465
7.07%
Jack Ramsey
1,266
19.25%
Henry Kroeger
Clover Bar Sten Berg
5,434
35.67%
David Morris
1,683
11.05%
Sig Jorstad
1,783
11.71%
Walt A. Buck (Ind.)
6,312
41.44%
Walt A. Buck
Cypress Alan Hyland
4,170
64.27%
Rudolf Schempp
637
9.82%
Gifford Woodcock
590
9.09%
Orville Reber (Ind.)
1,080
16.65%
Alan Hyland
Drayton Valley Shirley Cripps
4,906
66.75%
Lynne Martin
1,155
15.71%
George Perdicaris
1,265
17.21%
Shirley Cripps
Drumheller Lewis (Mickey) Clark
8,148
68.14%
Gerry Hamilton
1,124
9.40%
Vern Hoff
2,630
21.99%
Lewis (Mickey) Clark
Edmonton-Avonmore Horst A. Schmid
6,606
52.92%
Kathleen Wright
4,045
32.40%
Jake Johnson
1,275
10.21%
Leif Oddson (SoCred)
466
3.73%
Rona Drennan (Comm)
40
0.32%
Horst A. Schmid
Edmonton-Belmont Walter R. Szwender
6,579
54.51%
John Younie
3,893
32.25%
Dennis Peter
986
8.17%
Elmer Knutson (Ind.)
512
4.24%
Joan Jenkins (Comm)
37
0.31%
William L. Mack
Edmonton-Beverly Bill W. Diachuk
6,894
50.51%
Winston Gereluk
5,638
41.31%
Dexter B. Dombro
819
6.00%
Steve Kostiuk (SoCred)
268
1.96%
Bill W. Diachuk
Edmonton-Calder Tom Chambers
8,442
55.31%
Christie Mjolsness
5,527
36.21%
Walter Stack
1,274
8.35%
Tom Chambers
Edmonton-Centre Mary LeMessurier
5,414
49.72%
Iain Taylor
3,578
32.86%
Larry McIlroy
812
7.46%
Brian McKercher
849
7.80%
Lawlor J. McKenna (SoCred)
197
1.81%
Mary LeMessurier
Edmonton-Glengarry Rollie Cook
5,997
58.38%
Garth Stevenson
3,181
30.96%
Gordon Reid
1,037
10.09%
Rollie Cook
Edmonton-Glenora Lou Hyndman
7,724
61.88%
H.D. (Tony) Smith
2,555
20.47%
Fred Marshall
1,649
13.21%
Jerry Paschen
534
4.28%
Lou Hyndman
Edmonton-Gold Bar Alois Paul Hiebert
7,223
56.65%
Allen Eng
3,563
27.94%
Joe Wanner
996
7.81%
Laurie Switzer
567
4.45%
Chuck Bolton (Ind.)
387
3.04%
Alois Paul Hiebert
Edmonton-Highlands David T. King
5,157
54.36%
Marilyn Burnett
3,493
36.82%
Dave Maetche
721
7.60%
Naomi J. Rankin (Comm)
66
0.70%
David T. King
Edmonton-Jasper Place Leslie Gordon Young
6,723
57.53%
Don Aitken
3,498
29.93%
John B. Ludwig
987
8.45%
Peter A. Keohan (SoCred)
241
2.06%
G. Crofton (ARM)
179
1.53%
Leslie Gordon Young
Edmonton-Kingsway Carl Paproski
4,294
41.62%
Alex McEachern
3,879
37.59%
Curtis Long
669
6.48%
Bill Broad
318
3.08%
Mark Byington (Ind.)
950
9.21%
George Klimuk (SoCred)
192
1.86%
Kenneth R.H. Paproski
Edmonton-Meadowlark Gerard Joseph Amerongen
10,817
58.44%
Robert Henderson
4,590
24.80%
Al Wilson
1,511
8.16%
Naseer A. Chaudhary
776
4.19%
William (Bill) Dickson (Ind.)
423
2.29%
Andy H. Groenink (SoCred)
345
1.86%
Gerard Joseph Amerongen
Edmonton-Mill Woods Milt Pahl
10,095
55.75%
Gerry Gibeault
5,159
28.49%
Dave Fletcher
1,894
10.46%
Winston Mohabir
590
3.26%
Terry Juba (SoCred)
329
1.82%
Milt Pahl
Edmonton-Norwood Tony Falcone
4,782
45.25%
Ray Martin
4,857
45.96%
John Hudson
569
5.38%
George J.P. Wowk (SoCred)
263
2.49%
David Wallis (Comm)
37
0.35%
Catherine Chichak
Edmonton-Parkallen Neil S. Crawford
8,229
55.30%
Jim Russell
5,771
38.78%
Merv Gray
823
5.53%
Chris Frazer (Comm)
39
0.26%
Neil S. Crawford
Edmonton-Sherwood Park Henry Woo
8,401
54.70%
Ted Paszek
3,462
22.54%
Al Oeming
3,029
19.72%
Al Howell (ARM)
450
2.93%
Henry Woo
Edmonton-Strathcona Julian Koziak
7,105
47.73%
Gordon S.B. Wright
6,643
44.63%
Randy Coombes
743
4.99%
Murray W. Scambler (ARM)
279
1.87%
Joe Hill (Comm)
64
0.43%
Julian Koziak
Edmonton-Whitemud Keith Alexander
10,696
58.98%
Leslie Bella
4,884
26.93%
Erika Guidera
1,209
6.67%
Philip Lister
791
4.36%
Joe Trenchy (Ind.)
291
1.60%
Keith Schultz (SoCred)
241
1.33%
Peter Knaak
Edson Ian Reid
6,003
56.88%
Eilir Thomas
3,232
30.62%
Lynn Lewis
1,284
12.17%
Ian Reid
Grande Prairie Bob Elliott
9,555
58.11%
Bernie Desrosiers
3,280
19.95%
Jack Smith
2,249
13.68%
Colin Nash
331
2.01%
Jake Paetkau (Ind.)
504
3.06%
Roy Housworth (SoCred)
494
3.00%
Elmer Borstad
Highwood Harry E. Alger
7,811
69.89%
William C. McCutcheon
465
4.16%
Gordon Kesler
2,006
17.95%
Ronald G. Arkes (ARM)
183
1.64%
George Wolstenholme
Innisfail Nigel I. Pengelly
6,684
70.66%
Lyle B. Bleich
738
7.80%
George Conway-Brown
2,001
21.15%
Nigel I. Pengelly
Lac La Biche-McMurray Norman A. Weiss
6,844
56.74%
Dermond Travis
3,481
28.86%
Jim Williams
1,021
8.46%
Roland J. Woodward
584
4.84%
Norman A. Weiss
Lacombe Ron A. Moore
5,141
61.12%
Glen R. Nelson
1,108
13.17%
Terry Long
1,339
15.92%
Howard P. Thompson (Ind.)
811
9.64%
John William Cookson
Lesser Slave Lake Larry R. Shaben
3,150
57.48%
Gary D. Kennedy
914
16.68%
Garth Lodge
607
11.08%
Joseph D. Blyan
466
8.50%
George Keay (Ind.)
316
5.77%
Larry R. Shaben
Lethbridge-East Archibald Dick Johnston
8,716
69.57%
Ed McRae
1,369
10.93%
Mike Bennison
1,054
8.41%
John I. Boras
962
7.68%
Paul R. Belanger (ARM)
400
3.19%
Archibald Dick Johnston
Lethbridge-West John Gogo
8,302
69.37%
Ian Whishaw
1,844
15.41%
G.M. Genstad
938
7.84%
Jerry Waldern (SoCred)
480
4.01%
Brenda L. Perkins (ARM)
377
3.15%
John Gogo
Little Bow Cliff Wright
2,144
33.75%
Beth Jantzie
168
2.64%
Wayne Lawlor
851
13.40%
Raymond Albert Speaker (Ind.)
3,174
49.97%
Raymond Albert Speaker
Lloydminster James Edgar Miller
5,581
71.86%
Robin Allan
905
11.65%
Jerry Butz
1,249
16.08%
James Edgar Miller
Macleod LeRoy Fjordbotten
6,136
71.34%
Paul Abilgaard
546
6.35%
Ellis Oviatt
1,293
15.03%
Inez Watmough
144
1.67%
LeRoy Fjordbotten
Medicine Hat James Horsman
14,654
81.20%
Clarence W. Smith
2,072
11.48%
David F. Lees
996
5.52%
Frank F. Cottingham (Ind.)
286
1.58%
James Horsman
Olds-Didsbury Stephen Stiles
5,096
46.91%
Roy Agnew
233
2.14%
Daryl M. Jaddock
2,714
24.98%
Gordon Kesler
Peace River Al (Boomer) Adair
4,688
56.14%
Richard Collins
1,541
18.46%
J.A. Jim Kalman
1,657
19.84%
Laura M. Deedza
211
2.53%
Joseph (Little Joe) Kessler (Ind.)
225
2.69%
Al (Boomer) Adair
Pincher Creek-Crowsnest Frederick Deryl Bradley
4,388
64.52%
Mike Cooper
1,636
24.06%
Dennis Olson
650
9.56%
Jerry Potts
109
1.60%
Frederick Deryl Bradley
Ponoka Halvar C. Jonson
4,031
50.65%
C.W. (Bill) Loov
876
11.01%
Tom Butterfield
2,646
33.25%
Paul M. Bateman (ARM)
235
2.95%
Eric Ostergaard (Ind.)
154
1.94%
Donald J. McCrimmon
Red Deer Jim McPherson
10,659
54.70%
Kendall Dunford
1,915
9.83%
Wynne Richard Hanson
1,468
7.53%
Bob Mills (Ind.)
5,396
27.69%
Norman F. Magee
Redwater-Andrew George Topolnisky
4,438
50.98%
Steve Leskiw
2,507
28.80%
Roger P. Pullishy
1,121
12.88%
Lawrence D. McCallum
157
1.80%
Michael Senych (Ind.)
467
5.36%
George Topolnisky
Rocky Mountain House John Murray Campbell
6,443
65.99%
Dolly Martin
1,191
12.20%
Art Carritt
2,116
21.67%
John Murray Campbell
Smoky River Marvin Moore
3,950
57.79%
Anne Hemmingway
1,537
22.49%
Andrew Blum
1,316
19.25%
Marvin Moore
Spirit River-Fairview Doug Snider
3,260
41.61%
Grant W. Notley
3,443
43.95%
Dan Fletcher
1,093
13.95%
Grant W. Notley
St. Albert Myrna Fyfe
12,982
54.60%
Kurt Hoeberg
4,438
18.67%
Murray Sillito
2,465
10.37%
William Ernest Jamison (Ind.)
3,406
14.33%
L.D. Callfas (SoCred)
434
1.83%
Myrna Fyfe
St. Paul John Drobot
4,269
55.97%
Laurent (Jeff) Dubois
2,872
37.66%
Iris Bourne
447
5.86%
Charles E. Anderson
Stettler Graham L. Harle
4,915
71.40%
Fred J. Rappel
617
8.96%
Doug Carmichael
1,334
19.38%
Graham L. Harle
Stony Plain William Frederick Purdy
10,210
59.73%
Jim Bell
2,905
16.99%
John G. Parkes
2,337
13.67%
Ralph Eikeland (SoCred)
299
1.75%
Murray Fuhr (ARM)
202
1.18%
William Frederick Purdy
Taber-Warner Robert Bogle
6,800
70.97%
Catherine R. McCreary
486
5.07%
Ronald Johnson
1,811
18.90%
Emil D. Gundlock (ARM)
461
4.81%
Robert Bogle
Three Hills Connie Osterman
8,693
77.47%
James B. Schleppe
549
4.89%
Vern Meek
1,949
17.37%
Connie Osterman
Vegreville John S. Batiuk
4,526
53.51%
Bob Sarafinchan
2,418
28.59%
Loren Yasinski
807
9.54%
Barry M. Bernard (Ind.)
202
2.39%Robert E. Robert (SoCred)
487
5.76%
John S. Batiuk
Vermilion-Viking Tom Lysons
4,357
58.20%
Grant Bergman
1,205
16.10%
Richard Van Ee
1,742
23.27%
Patrick A. Moore (SoCred)
159
2.12%
Tom Lysons
Wainwright Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
4,589
61.68%
John Wesley Connelly
476
6.40%
Bill Veitch
2,145
28.83%
Joseph A. Vermette
218
2.93%
Charles Stewart
Wetaskiwin-Leduc Donald H. Sparrow
12,923
63.76%
Earl R. Rasmuson
3,190
15.74%
Bill Hosford
3,511
17.32%
Barry Cook (Ind.)
576
2.84%
Dallas Schmidt
Whitecourt Peter Trynchy
4,635
51.46%
Richard Davies
1,220
13.55%
Andy Lee
2,276
25.27%
John M. Powers
147
1.63%
George L. Richardson (SoCred)
685
7.61%
Peter Trynchy

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Steward, Gillian (December 19, 1983). "Alberta gives up an airline". Maclean's. Calgary. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  2. ^ "Accuracy of Alberta Report poll questioned". The Star Phoenix. September 29, 1982. p. B16.
  3. ^ "Lougheed Support Down In Alberta Poll". The Leader-Post. March 4, 1982. p. 12.
  4. ^ Election Alberta (July 28, 2008). 2008 General Report (PDF). p. 158. Retrieved April 29, 2011.

Further reading

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