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Timeline of medicine and medical technology

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This is a timeline of the history of medicine and medical technology.[a]

Antiquity

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  • 3300 BC – During the Stone Age, early doctors used very primitive forms of herbal medicine in India.[1]
  • 3000 BC – Ayurveda The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 3,000 BCE.[2]
  • c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.[3][4]
  • 2500 BC – Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.[5]
  • 1900–1600 BC Akkadian clay tablets on medicine survive primarily as copies from Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh.[6]
  • 1800 BC – Code of Hammurabi sets out fees for surgeons and punishments for malpractice[5]
  • 1800 BC – Kahun Gynecological Papyrus
  • 1600 BC – Hearst papyrus, coprotherapy and magic[7]
  • 1551 BC – Ebers Papyrus, coprotherapy and magic[8]
  • 1500 BC – Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
  • 1500 BC – Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text and the oldest known surgical treatise (no true surgery) no magic[5]
  • 1300 BC – Brugsch Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus
  • 1250 BC – Asklepios[5]
  • 9th century – Hesiod reports an ontological conception of disease via the Pandora myth. Disease has a "life" of its own but is of divine origin.[7]
  • 8th century – Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon had fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment.[5]
  • 700 BC – Cnidos medical school; also one at Cos
  • 500 BC – Darius I orders the restoration of the House of Life (First record of a (much older) medical school)[5]: 47 
  • 500 BC – Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis
  • 500 BC – The Sushruta Samhita is published, laying the framework for Ayurvedic medicine, giving many surgical procedures for first time such as lithotomy, forehead flap rhinoplasty, otoplasty and many more.
  • c. 490c. 430Empedocles four elements[8]
  • 500 BC – Pills were used. They were presumably invented so that measured amounts of a medicinal substance could be delivered to a patient.
  • 510–430 BC – Alcmaeon of Croton scientific anatomic dissections. He studied the optic nerves and the brain, arguing that the brain was the seat of the senses and intelligence. He distinguished veins from the arteries and had at least vague understanding of the circulation of the blood.[5] Variously described by modern scholars as Father of Anatomy; Father of Physiology; Father of Embryology; Father of Psychology; Creator of Psychiatry; Founder of Gynecology; and as the Father of Medicine itself.[9] There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important.[8][10]
  • fl. 425 BC – Diogenes of Apollonia[8]
  • c. 484 – 425 BC – Herodotus tells us Egyptian doctors were specialists: Medicine is practiced among them on a plan of separation; each physician treats a single disorder, and no more. Thus the country swarms with medical practitioners, some undertaking to cure diseases of the eye, others of the head, others again of the teeth, others of the intestines, and some those which are not local.[5]
  • 496 – 405 BC – Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting."[11]
  • 420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine.

Medicine after Hippocrates

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After Galen 200 AD

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1200–1499

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1500–1799

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Hieronymus Fabricius, Operationes chirurgicae, 1685

1800–1899

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1900–1999

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2000–2022

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The dates given for these medical works are uncertain. A Tribute to Hinduism suggests that Sushruta lived in the 5th century BC.

Citations

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  1. ^ Wilford, John Noble (8 December 1998). "Lessons in Iceman's Prehistoric Medicine Kit". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  2. ^ Issues in Pharmaceuticals by Disease, Disorder, or Organ System (2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. 9 January 2012. ISBN 9781464967566.
  3. ^ a b Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579580407. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  4. ^ "Imhotep". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Silverberg, Robert (1967). The dawn of medicine. Putnam. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (1999). Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics. Greenwood Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780313310805. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e Loudon, Irvine (2001). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199248131. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Longrigg, James (1993). Greek Rational Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415025942. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  9. ^ a b Harris, Charles Reginald Schiller (1973). The heart and the vascular system in ancient Greek medicine, from Alcmaeon to Galen. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198581352. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Magill, Frank N. (2003). Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781579580407. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  11. ^ Carrick, Paul (2001). Medical Ethics in the Ancient World. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9780878408498. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  12. ^ Traver, Andrew G. (2002). From Polis to Empire, the Ancient World, C. 800 B.C.–A.D. 500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313309427. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Nutton, Dr Vivian (2005). Ancient Medicine. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780415368483. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  14. ^ Philip II of Macedonia: Greater Than Alexander by Richard A. Gabriel, 2010, pg. 10
  15. ^ Adler, Robert E. (2004). Medical Firsts: From Hippocrates to the Human Genome. Wiley. ISBN 9780471401759. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
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  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Loudon, Irvine (2002). Western Medicine: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199248131. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  19. ^ Flemming 2007, p. 265.
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References

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Matapurkar B G. (1995). US international Patent 6227202 and 20020007223.medical use of Adult Stem cells. A new physiological phenomenon of Desired Metaplasia for regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo. Annals of NYAS 1998.

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Further reading

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