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420 (dinghy)

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420
Class symbol
A 420 under sail
Development
DesignerChristian Maury
LocationFrance
Year1959
DesignOne-Design
RoleYouth trainer, racing
Boat
Displacement100 kilograms (220 lb)
Draft0.965 metres (3 ft 2.0 in)
TrapezeSingle
Hull
TypeMonohull
ConstructionGRP
Hull weight80 kilograms (180 lb)
LOA4.20 metres (13 ft 9 in)
Beam1.63 metres (5 ft 4 in)
Hull appendages
Keel/board typeCenterboard
Rig
Rig typeBermuda
Mast length6.26 metres (20 ft 6 in)
Sails
Mainsail area7.45 square metres (80.2 sq ft)
Jib/genoa area2.8 square metres (30 sq ft)
Spinnaker area8.83 square metres (95.0 sq ft)
Upwind sail area10.25 square metres (110.3 sq ft)[1]
Racing
D-PN97.6[2]
RYA PN1087[3]

The International 420 Dinghy is a sailing dinghy popular for racing and teaching. The hull is fiberglass with internal buoyancy tanks. The 420 has a bermuda rig, spinnaker and trapeze. It has a large sail-area-to-weight ratio, and is designed to plane easily. The 420 is an International class recognised by World Sailing. The name refers to the boat's length of 420 centimetres (4.2 m; 13 ft 9 in).

History

[edit]

The International 420 was designed by Christian Maury in France in the year 1959. The class developed rapidly in France, being adopted nationally as a youth trainer for the larger Olympic class International 470. By the late 1960s the class was adopted by a few UK university sailing clubs for training and team racing.

Construction

[edit]

The class adopted a policy of "prudent evolution" so as to allow development without making existing dinghies obsolete. The hull's seaworthiness and stability at speed proved to be better than most of its contemporaries, and this together with its modest sail area make it fun to sail in heavy weather and thus an excellent youth trainer, qualities that led to its adoption for that role by the Royal Yachting Association in the mid-1970s. In addition, the international 420 is known for its inherent lightness. The floatability of the boat made for a safer training vessel.[4]

With its trapeze and spinnaker it provides the capability for advanced sailing techniques for international standard sailors, while still remaining affordable and accessible to beginners. The International 420 maintains a large multinational class association. The combination of effective class management, the boat's inherent sailing qualities, and prudent evolution have contributed to the class's continuing success.

Club 420

[edit]

The Club 420, or C420,[5] is a derivative of the 420 and is not recognized by World Sailing or the International 420 Class Association. Designed by Vanguard boats in the 1970s, it has a heavier hull, reinforced for durability in institutional sailing, and a stiff, untapered mast. The boat is much more simple to sail, yet lacks the performance of the original dinghy due to its extra weight. The Club 420 is used extensively on the youth race circuit in the US, with over 5,000 boats in North America,[6] but is not sailed in most other countries. It cannot be used at I420 class events.

Z420

[edit]

The Z420 is a transformation of the Club 420. The Z420 hull is 50 pounds (23 kg) lighter and 40 percent stiffer than the C420. Whereas a C420 hull is composed of six pieces, the Z420 has only three molded components: the hull, the deck, and the mast partners. Unlike the C420, the Z420 does not include a spinnaker or trapeze in its rigging. Z420 boats are specially designed for college sailing and were used at the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2014 for the first time.[7]

Events

[edit]

Open

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
1973 Adelaide  Australia
Wangel
Giles
1974 Kiel  France
Alain Chourgnoz
Denis Cerda
1975 Medemblik  United States
Whitehurst
Whitehurst 
 France
Russo
Narbonne 
 Netherlands
Carels
Ponjée 
1976 Barrington  United States
Stephen Taylor
Joan Massey
1977 Baiona  United States
Stephen Taylor
Joan Massey
 Israel
 
 
1978 Jyllinge  France
Pollet
Johanssen
 Great Britain
Cathy Foster
Wendy Hilder
 Spain
Sallent
Isnard
1979 Tróia  Italy
Di Salle
Vassalo
 West Germany
Möller
Möller
 New Zealand
Dickson
Wilcox
1980 Quiberon  Israel
Shimshon Brokman
Eitan Friedlander
 France
Brenac
Mikuelis
 France
Jaffrezeic
Berthonneau
1982 Adelaide  Australia
Ferris
McKay
 United States
Brown
 
 West Germany
Etten
 
1984 Annapolis  West Germany
A. Andruleit
H. Andruleit
 West Germany
Filimonow
Stöckmann
 Canada
Ellis
Ferrow
1986 Nieuwpoort  France
Eric Godard
Christophe Godard
1987 Balatonfüred  France
Jean-François Berthet
Gwendoel Berthet
 France
Eric Godard
Christophe Godard
 Spain
José Miguel Ramis
Antonio Morro
1988 Lake Macquarie  France
W. Sanchez-Diez
Bertrand Dumortier
 West Germany
Christian Halm
Alexander Halm
 France
Jean-François Berthet
Gwendoel Berthet
1989 Mošćenička Draga  France
David Ravet
Bertrand Loyal
 Great Britain
Steve Irish
Greg Irish
 Great Britain
John Merricks
Rob Wilson
1990 Crozon  France
Christian Gout
Jean Gout
1991 Rimini  Great Britain
Steve Irish
Greg Irish
1992 Caesarea  Spain
Gustavo Martínez
Dimias Wood
1993 Marstrand  Italy
Marcello Luciani
Dario Luciani
1994 Plymouth  Great Britain
John Merricks
Ian Lovering
1995 Fremantle  Australia
Roger Perrett
Teague Czislowski
1996 Blankenberge  Portugal
M. Fortunato
M. Nunes
1997 Newport  France
W. Sanchez-Diez
Gabriol
 Italy
L. Chiarugi
E. Trumpy
1998 Palamós  France
Nicolas Charbonnier
David Deguine

Open Under 17

[edit]
Gold Silver Bronze Ref.
2015 Karatsu  Edoardo Ferraro (ITA)
 Francesco Orlando (ITA)
 Aggelos Arvanitis (GRE)
 Theofanis Kanakaris (GRE)
 Carlos Balaguer (ESP)
 Ignacio Balaguer (ESP)
2016 Sanremo  Telis Athanasopoulos (GRE)
 Dimitris Tassios (GRE)
 Eduard Ferrer (ESP)
 Carlos de Maqua (ESP)
 Enzo Balanger (FRA)
 Gaultier Tallieu (FRA)
[8]
2017 Fremantle (AUS)  Martín Wizner (ESP)
 Pedro Ameneiro (ESP)
 Tommaso Cilli (ITA)
 Bruno Mantero (ITA)
 Demetrio Sposato (ITA)
 Gabriele Centrone (ITA)
[9]
2018 Newport (USA)  Jacobo García (ESP)
 Antoni Ripoll (ESP)
 Marina Garau (ESP)
 Blanca Cabot (ESP)
 Odysseas Spanakis (GRE)
 Konstantinos Mixalopoulos (GRE)
[10]
2019 Vilamoura (POR)  Odysseas Spanakis (GRE)
 Konstaninos Mixalopoulos (GRE)
 Ange Delerce (FRA)
 Timothée Rossi (FRA)
 Alberto Morales (ESP)
 Miguel Bethencourt (ESP)
[11]

Male & Mixed

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
1999 Athens  France
Nicolas Charbonnier
David Deguine
 France
Jean-Matthieu Constant
Christopher Pratt
 Portugal
Pedro Pinto
Miguel Pinto
2000 La Rochelle  Australia
Mathew Belcher
Daniel Belcher
 Italy
Luca Bursic
Thomas Jacob
 Greece
Mileos Michaelis
Theodores Polighrondis
2001 Ravenna  Italy
Michel Mazzotti
Giulia Mazzotti
 Spain
R. Medina
J. Cerezo
 Italy
B. Danti
F. Geggio
2002 Tavira  India
Farokh Tarapore
Vikas Kapila
 Great Britain
Nic Asher
Elliot Willis
 France
Morgan Lagravière
Noé Delpech
2003 Hayling Island  Spain
José Antonio Medina
Onán Barreiros
 France
Nicolas Duron
Sébastian Durand
 France
Morgan Lagravière
Noé Delpech
2004 Melbourne  Australia
Nathan Wilmot
Malcolm Page
 Australia
Mathew Belcher
Rike Ziegelmayer
 Australia
Nathan Outteridge
Ayden Menzies
2005 Brest  Portugal
Tomas da Silva
Francisco Gomes
 Italy
Alfredo Capodanno
Vittorio Papa
 Spain
Pablo Santurde
Abelardo Quevedo
2006 Las Palmas  New Zealand
Carl Evans
Peter Burling
 New Zealand
Simon Cooke
Scott Illingworth
 France
Fernando Lodos
Julien Pulve
2007 Auckland  New Zealand
Carl Evans
Peter Burling
 New Zealand
Simon Cooke
Scott Illingworth
 New Zealand
Rowan Swanson
Bruce Kennedy
2008 Athens  Greece
Michalis Mileos
Evangelos-Vasileio Mitakis
 Greece
Vasilis Papoutsoglou
Akilas Drougas
 Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Lorenzo de Felice
2009 Lake Garda  Greece
Antonios Tsimpoukelis
George Karonis
 New Zealand
Francisco Lardies
Finn Drummond
 Great Britain
Ben Palmer
Konrad Weaver
2010 Haifa  Singapore
Justin Liu
Sherman Cheng
 Italy
Francesco Falcetelli
Gabriele Franciolini
 Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Leonardo Cucchiara
2011 Buenos Aires
details
 Argentina
Pablo Völker
Agustín Cunill
 Italy
Edoardo Mancinelli
Leonardo Cucchiara
 Chile
Benjamín Grez
Diego González
2012 Lake Neusiedl  Greece
Alex Kavas
George Kavas
 France
Guillaume Pirouelle
Valentin Sipan
 Spain
David Charles
Alex Charles
2013 Valencia  Spain
Xavier Antich
Pedro Terrones
 Brazil
Tiago Brito
Andrei Kneipp
 France
Sébastien Simon
Pierre Rhimbault
2014 Lübeck  Spain
José Manuel Ruiz
Fernando Dávila
 France
Hippolyte Macheti
Sidoine Dantes
 Israel
Ido Bilik
Ofek Shalgi
2015 Karatsu  Japan
Daichi Takayama
Syota Nakano
 United States
Wiley Rogers
Jack Parkin
 Hong Kong
Calum Gregor
Hugo Christensson
2016 Sanremo[12]  Portugal
Diogo Costa
Pedro Costa
 United States
Wiley Rogers
Jack Parkin
 Greece
Vasilios Gourgiotis
Orestis Batsis
2017 Fremantle[13]  Spain
Enrique Luján
Pablo Luján
 Spain
Albert Torres
Francisco Mulet
 Spain
Carlos Balaguer
Antoni Massanet
2018 Newport[14]  New Zealand
Seb Menzies
Blake McGlashan
 Spain
Elías Aretz
Pablo García
 Spain
Martín Wizner
Pedro Ameneiro
2019 Vilamoura[15]  Spain
Martín Wizner
Pedro Ameneiro
 New Zealand
Seb Menzies
Blake McGlashan
 Spain
Conrad Konitzer
Fernando Rodríguez

Female

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
1980 Charlottenlund  Italy
Claudia Mazzaferro
Galeazzi
1981  Italy
Claudia Mazzaferro
Galeazzi
1986 Nieuwpoort  Italy
M. Bazzini
D. De Cagno
1987 Cervia  France
V. Ravet
D. Besson
1988  Spain
Leon
Leon
1989  Sweden
Martina Wendin
Boel Bengtsson
1990 Miura  France
Céline Hendrick
Catherine Condolf
1991 Rimini  France
Marie LeCadre
Laure Fernandez
1998 Galaxidi  Israel
Limor Kliger
Vered Buskila
1999 Athens  Greece
Dimitra Milona
Aliki Kourkoulou
2000 La Rochelle  Great Britain
Christina Bassedone
Helen Mayhew
 Greece
Altana Danezi
Evagelia Vlachov
 Italy
Elena Ziliani
Alessandra Marenzi
2001 Ravenna  Italy
Elisabetta Sacchegiani
Maria Paola Bertone
 Italy
Sara Postogna
Anna Postogna
 Italy
Carolina Mariani
Camilla Gabrielli
2002 Tavira  France
Caroline Jonet
Magali Pallanca
 Greece
Spiridoula Mileou
Sofia Papadopoulou
 Brazil
Isabel Barzaghi
Laura Zani
2003 Hayling Island  Brazil
Isabel Barzaghi
Laura Zani
 Great Britain
Charlotte Savage
Maia Walsh
 Germany
Dorothea Gebert
Natascha Lorenz
2004 Mornington  Australia
Elise Rechichi
Tessa Parkinson
 Great Britain
Lucy MacGregor
Nicola MacGregor
 France
Camille Lecointre
Gwendolyn Lemaitre
2005 Brest  Italy
Maria Stella Turizio
Maria Carolina Rendano
 France
Marie Lumeau
Claire Bossard
 Great Britain
Maria Stanley
Catherine Alton
2006 Las Palmas  Great Britain
Hannah Mills
Peggy Webster
 Spain
Tara Pacheco
Elena Barambio
 Italy
Benedetta Danti
Elisa Cecconi
2007 Auckland  New Zealand
Jo Aleh
Polly Powrie
 New Zealand
Shelley Hesson
Bianca Barbarich-Bacher
 New Zealand
Sarah Bilkey
Rosie Sargisson
2008 Athens  Greece
Katerina Kaitatzidou
Sofia Kaitatzidou
 Israel
Gil Cohen
Adva Kremer
 Greece
Afrodite Kyranakou
Elena Nikiforidi
2009 Lake Garda  New Zealand
Alex Maloney
Bianca Barbarich-Bacher
 Italy
Camilla Marino
Claudia Soricelli
 United States
Sydney Bolger
Caitlin Beavers
2010 Haifa  Italy
Roberta Caputo
Benedetta Barbiero
 United States
Morgan Kiss
Katia Da Silva
 Italy
Christina Celli
Silvia Morini
2011 Buenos Aires  Great Britain
Annabel Vose
Megan Brickwood
 Germany
Nadine Bohm
Monika Lindner
 France
Maelenn Lemaitre
Aloïse Retornaz
2012 Lake Neusiedl  Singapore
Rachel Lee
Cecilia Low
 Chile
Nadja Horwitz
Sofia Middleton
 Singapore
Griselda Khng
Shu Xian Lee
2013 Valencia  Great Britain
Annabel Cattermole
Bryony Bennett-Lloyd
 Singapore
Kimberly Lim
Savannah Siew
 United States
Sara Scotto Di Vettimo
Vittoria Barbiero
2014 Lübeck  Italy
Carlotta Omari
Francesca Russo Cirillo
 Singapore
Kimberly Lim
Savannah Siew
 Greece
Aikaterini Tavoulari
Fotini Koutsoumpou
2015 Karatsu  Spain
Marta Garrido
María Jesus Dávila
 France
Charlotte Yven
Marine Riou
 Japan
Misaki Tanaka
Sena Takano
2016 Sanremo[16]  Italy
Francesca Russo Cirillo
Alice Linussi
 Spain
María Bover Guerrero
Clara Llabrés
 Italy
Maria Vittoria Marchesini
Cecilia Fedel
2017 Fremantle[17]  Australia
Nia Jerwood
Monique de Vries
 Australia
Laura Harding
Eleanor Grimshaw
 Italy
Arianna Passamonti
Giulia Fava
2018 Newport[18]  Spain
Patricia Reino
Isabel Laiseca
 Spain
María Caba
Pilar Caba
 Spain
María Bover
Catalina Homar
2019 Vilamoura[19]  Great Britain
Vita Heathcote
Milly Boyle
 Italy
Irene Calici
Petra Gregori
 Greece
Melina Pappa
Maria Tsamopoulou

420 Team Racing World Championships

[edit]

The boat has been used for team racing in both the ISAF Team Racing World Championship and the ISAF World Sailing Games however the class established its own team racing competition in 2015. Only the International 14 and Optimist (dinghy) class association hold a team racing based World Championships in addition to the two discipline led events.

Year Gold Silver Bronze
2015 Italy Lake Garda[20]  Spain  Italy  Portugal
2016 Italy Lake Garda

IYRU Women World Championships

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
1978 Netherlands Monnickendam  Cathy Foster (GBR)
 Wendy Hilder (GBR)
 Marie Chrustine Hue (FRA)
 Claire Lefur (FRA)
 Genevieve Levaillant (FRA)
 Blandine Levaillant (FRA)
1978 United States Rochester  Cathy Foster (GBR)
 Wendy Hilder (GBR)
 Taylor (USA)
 Lewis (USA)
 Currey (GBR)
 Blake (GBR)
1980 Denmark Skovshoved  Christina Mazzaferro (ITA)
 Emanuela Galeazzi (ITA)
 Anna Bacchiega (ITA)
 Paola Bacchiega (ITA)
 Marie-Christine Hue (FRA)
 Claire Le Fur (FRA)
1981 Italy Stintino  Christina Mazzaferro (ITA)
 Manuela Galeazzi (ITA)
 Cathy Foster (GBR)
 Wendy Hilder (GBR)
 Anna Bacchiega (ITA)
 Nives Monico (ITA)
1989 Spain Palma  Nuria Bover (ESP)
 Sylvia Summer (ESP)
 Giorgia Gaudino (ITA)
 Sara Gaudino (ITA)
 Stephanie Pornin (FRA)
 Rouan (FRA)

World Sailing – Youth Sailing World Championships

[edit]

The class has been used extensively at the Youth Sailing World Championships which run by World Sailing this is different to the Class Worlds by way that equipment is supplied and entries are limited to one entry per nations but often from more nations.

Events

[edit]

Club 420 North American Championship

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
2018
New Bedford Community Sailing, MA
Luke Arnone
Noble Renyoso
Jack Murphy
Tommy Szymanski
2017
Buffalo Canoe Club, ON
Maddie Hawkins
Kimberly Leonard
Sarah Burn
Patricia Gerli
2016
Cabrillo Beach YC, CA
Cole Harris
Tanner Chapko
Luke Arnone
Mariner Fagan
2015
Sail NC, NC
Henry Burnes
Peter Barron
Eduardo Mintzias
Katie Lounsbury
2014 Brant Beach Yacht Club, NJ Martina Sly
Ian Morgan
Nick Hernandez
Zack Jordan
2013 St. Margaret Sailing Club, NS, CAN Charlie Lomax
Evan Morgan
Nicholas Sertl
Elizabeth Pemberton
2012 Falmouth Yacht Club, MA Bradley Adam
Charles MacBain
Max Simmons
Riley Legault
2011
Buffalo Canoe Club, ON, CAN
Malcolm Lamphere
Riley Legault
Alex Curtiss
Jackie Capellini
2010
Brant Beach Yacht Club, NJ
Pearson Potts
Caitlin Connerney
Graham Landy
Colin Murphy
2009
Macatawa Bay Yacht Club, MI
Taylor Canfield
Stephanie Roble
Marlena Fauer
Christina Lewis
2008
Chautauqua Lake Yacht Club, NY
Stephanie Hudson
Laura McKenna
Louis Padnos
Ben Spector
2007
Alamitos Bay Yacht Club, CA
Adam Roberts
Nick Martin
Taylor Canfield
Perry Emsiek
2006
Bellport Bay Yacht Club, NY
Taylor Canfield
Nate Rosenberg
Molly Lucas
Charlotte Williams
2005
Beverly Yacht Club, MA
Tyler Sinks
Ben Totder
Steven Barbano
Dan Liberty
2004 St. Thomas Yacht Club, USVI TJ Tullo
Niki Kennedy
John Kempton
Molly Lucas
2003 Portsmouth Olympic Harbour, ON, CAN Leight Kempton
Kaity Storck
Chris Behm
Meg Callahan
2002 Wayzata Yacht Club, MN TJ Tullo
John Sampson
Lee Sackett
Mandy Sackett
2001 Marc Sorbo
Ryan Heaney
John Howell
Nick Nelson
2000 Barrington Yacht Club, RI Kerry Logue
Liz McCarthy
Allison Robin
Rebecca Doane
1999 Plymouth Yacht Club, MA Erin Maxwell
Leslie Sandberg
Peter Deming
Cameron Williams
1998 Maxwell Manning
Ashley Lang
1997 Bristol, RI Peter Levesque
Nicole Ernst
John Mollicone
Heather Tow-Yick
1996
(Scituate Harbor YC)
Mike Richards
Leah Williams
Falmouth YC
1995 (Plymouth YC) Tim Fallon
Martha Carleton
Wild Harbor YC
1994 (Portland YC) Tim Fallon
Martha Carleton
Wild Harbor YC
1993 (Wianno YC) Andrew Buttner
Laura Stearns of Plymouth YC
1992 (Hyannis YC) Robbie Richards & Margaret Gill of Falmouth YC

Club 420 US National Championship

[edit]
Year Gold Silver Bronze
2018
Brant Beach YC, NJ
Ansgar Jordan
Patrick Mulcahy
Luke Arnone
Noble Reynoso
2017
Wianno Yacht Club, MA
Tucker Weed
Olivia de Olazarra
Boyd Bragg
Aisling Sullivan
2016
Falmouth YC, MA
Nicholas Marwell
Aidan Morgan
Kyle Dochoda
George Sidamon-Eristoff
2015
Sail Newport,
Newport, RI
Stephanie Houck
Camille White
Timothy Greehouse
Jack DeNatale
2014
San Diego YC, CA
Scott Sinks
Rebecca McElvain
Max Brill
Ian Brill
2013 Lake Geneva YC, WI Carter Cameron
Ian Dilling
Mary Claire Kiernan
Lucy Wilmont
2012
California YC, CA
Will La Dow
Nikki Obel
Jack Jorgensen
Savanna Willard
2011 Sheridan Shores SS, IL Chuckie Eaton
Trevor Hecht
Ben Herman
Mason Ryan
2010 California YC, CA Kieran Chung
Ryan Davidson
Jack Ortel
Kelly Ortel
2009 Conanicut & Jamestown YC, RI Nick Johnstone
Katia DaSilva
Marcus Edegran
Teddy Mark
2008 Stanford SC, CA Tyler Sinks
Miles Gutenkunst
Louis Padnos
Ben Spector
2007 Wazayta SS, MN Sam Williams
Margaret Rew
Sydney Bolger
Kayla McComb
2006 No Event
2005 No Event
2004 No Event
2003 Youngstown YC, NY Martin Sterling
Sean Doyle
Charlie Modica
Patrick Bordner
2002 Youngstown YC, NY Lauren Padilla
Robbie Ginnebau
TJ Tullo
John Sampson
2001 No Event
2000 Grosse Point YC, MI Nathan Hollerbech
Carrie Howe
Lauren Padilla
Ellen Padilla

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Introduction to the 420". 420 Sailing. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20.
  2. ^ "Centerboard Classes". Offshore.ussailing.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  3. ^ "Portsmouth Number List 2012". Royal Yachting Association (RYA). Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Introduction to the 420 - 420 Sailing". www.420sailing.org. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
  5. ^ "Boat Classes | Chester Yacht Club". chesteryachtclub.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-10-25. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
  6. ^ "The C420 Association". Club420.org.
  7. ^ "Z420: New School Dinghy". Sailing World.
  8. ^ "2016 420 World Championships". 2016 420 World Championships.
  9. ^ "2017 420 World Championships". 2017 420 World Championships.
  10. ^ "2018 420 World Championships". 2018 420 World Championships.
  11. ^ "2019 420 World Championship". 2019 420 World Championship.
  12. ^ [1] [dead link]
  13. ^ "2017 420 World Championships". 2017 420 World Championships. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  14. ^ "2018 420 World Championships". 2018 420 World Championships. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  15. ^ "2019 420 World Championships". 2019 420 World Championships. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  16. ^ [2] [dead link]
  17. ^ "2017 420 World Championships". 2017 420 World Championships. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  18. ^ "2018 420 World Championships". 2018 420 World Championships. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  19. ^ "2019 420 World Championships". 2019 420 World Championships. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  20. ^ "International 420 World Team Racing Championship 2015". Campione Univela. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
[edit]